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Outward Bound (OB) is an international, non-profit, independent and outdoor-education organization with approximately 40 schools around the world and 200,000 participants per year.〔 Outward Bound International (2006). ''(Annual report )'' Retrieved December 22, 2007. 〕 Outward Bound programs aim to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors. ==History== The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdovey, Wales in 1941 by Kurt Hahn, and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line.〔Outward Bound International (2004). ''(Birth of Outward Bound )''. Retrieved December 9, 2007.〕 Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission was to give young seamen the ability to survive harsh conditions at sea by teaching confidence, tenacity, perseverance and to build experience of harsh conditions. James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.〔''(Outward Bound Wales, Aberdovey )''. Retrieved August 29, 2008.〕 This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. 'Freddy' Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdovey school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971.〔James, David, (1957) "Outward Bound" Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.〕 Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew. From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students in Outward Bound, Wales.〔 The first Outward Bound program for females was conducted in 1951. Fuller was seconded to the USA in the early sixties to help establish the Colorado Outward Bound School,〔Miner, Joshua and Boldt, Joe, Outward Bound USA: Crew Not Passengers, The Mountaineers, 2nd edition 2002, pp. 84-85〕 Outward Bound USA, and the first Peace Corps training camp in Puerto Rico.〔(History: Kurt Hahn and Outward Bound ) Retrieved August 29, 2008〕 Some of the more notable Outward Bound teachers include James Kielsmeier, Stan Hugill, Tom Kennerley, Paul Petzoldt, Robert B. Rheault, Karl Rohnke, and Willi Unsoeld.〔〔''See also: Outward Bound USA History'' and (Outward Bound Sea School ).〕〔Richards, A. (n. d.) ''(Introduction: The inward odyssey of outward bound )''. Retrieved January 26, 2008〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Outward Bound」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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